" Structured water (SW) is defined as multiple water molecules joined by hydrogen bonds to form a range of molecular structures, from dimers to buckyball structures. The most common water structures range from dimers (two H2O bonds) to hexamers (six H2O molecules bonded together). The most common biological structures are pentamers and hexamer designs with five and six rings of H-bonded water molecules. Water research terms varied over its history, starting from anomalous and polywater to two-phase water, coherent domain water, activated water,H-bonded water, hexagonal water, low-density water, super-cooled water, polymeric water, clustered water, vitalized water, or energized water due to a researcher’s preference for defining the multi-molecular water structures. Research terms used to describe BSW water have included membrane hydration water, vicinal water, interfacial water, tightly bound water, non-freezing water, glassy state, liquid crystalline, and exclusion zone (EZ) water. All these research terms for SW or BSW water are broadly defined, with vague descriptions. This review included most of these research terms to maximize the information collected from literature searches. These terms are relevant to water structure descriptors, resulting in more comprehensive research findings and sometimes revealing unique insights into this complex field of study." {Credits 1} " Recent bioenergetic research has shown that many weak or subtle EM fields exist in vivo and can be amplified, emitted, stored, and received to activate metabolic functions and achieve coherence in organisms. These bioenergetic findings will be reviewed in Part 3 of this article series." {Credits 1} " The cumulative advances in basic sciences have shed new light on the possibilities of water respiration in cells, which involves energized water molecules within BSW water." {Credits 1} " After more than 50 years of water research, a widely accepted theory has emerged that states that liquid water is made up of two phases [21-26]. This theory suggests that water has a high-density phase (non-coherent and unstructured) and a low-density phase (coherent and structured) that exist together. Most forms of water contain a combination of structured and unstructured water under normal conditions." {Credits 1} " Structured water formation is a function of the hydrogen bond strength [28-31] or the number of hydrogen bonds [32-33]. Structured water can be created naturally in high-altitude streams, from glacial runoff, or by biological activation in cells. It is widely recognized in the research literature that stronger H-bonds have a higher stability under ambient conditions, i.e., weaker H-bonds tend to degrade faster and revert to unstructured water [28, 29]." {Credits 1} " All structured water formation or generation methods involve shortening H-bonds between water molecules [28-31]. As the H-bonds shorten and strengthen, the H-bond angles widen from 104.5 to 109.5º. Also, as H-bonds shorten, water molecules start to cluster into a range of structural designs, depending on the formation method." {Credits 1} " The relationships among delocalized protons, H-bond strength, and water structure are still being investigated due to their deemed importance in biology. Due to several critical factors, the importance of delocalized protons in water structures is hard to over-emphasize. Delocalized protons are associated with proton hopping, superconductivity, and quantum tunneling across energy barriers [9, 12, 36-39]." {Credits 1} " Natural water sources, bulk water, or tap water all contain structured, unstructured, or liquid water based on the two-phase water theory [21-26]. As SW water research grew in the 1990s several scientists proposed a theory titled Coherent Domain for the SW water found in bulk water [18, 47-51]. According to this theory, bulk water contains Coherent Domains (CD) in water, which are clusters of water molecules linked by hydrogen bonds that are created as the molecules resonate with electromagnetic (EM) fields [9, 12, 41-52]. Coherent domains are small, approximately 1000 Å (0.1 μm), each containing about 5.5 million molecules [9, 12, 41 - 52]. As the water molecules oscillate in phase with an electromagnetic field, it creates a resonating cavity produced by the electromagnetic field that ends up trapping specific wavelengths in the field. The non-vanishing EM field doesn’t dissipate, tends to resonate with other CDs coherently, and is available as an energy source for cellular or enzyme reactions." {Credits 1} " Structured water containing coherent domains transforms ambient incoherent frequencies into a coherent high frequency that may be used for cell functions." {Credits 1} " Based on the Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) field theory, the SW water scientists Preparata, Del Giudice, and others have proposed that bulk water is a two-phase system, a coherent (structured phase) and incoherent phase (unstructured phase) [8, 47-52]. The QED theory supports the ability of water in the coherent phase to oscillate between two electronic configurations in phase with a resonating EMF field. The CD becomes a resonating cavity produced by the EMF (a self-produced cavity resonator for the EMF) [42-43]. In other words, bulk water may convert into SW water by resonating with and collecting coherent EMF fields, which can be generated from either in vivoor environmental sources [41-53]." {Credits 1} " Another set of landmark studies investigated the effects of Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR) on water structure [61-64]. The initial ICR study by Mohri et al. [61] found that hydronium ions (H3O+) resonate at 7.85 Hz, the primary Schumann Resonance wavelength. They found that a hydronium ion twin ICR radiation treatment added “self-organization” or structure to unstructured water." {Credits 1} " In addition, these findings hint that Schumann Resonance at 7.8 frequency may add structure to biological water, creating BSW water that can be imprinted with DNA oscillation codes. If this supposition is possible, then these findings also add substance and indirect evidence that the Montagnier DNA replication study may be based on real science after all [18]. " {Credits 1} " Recent SW studies used Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) to detect and image supramolecular water structures [65 - 68]. The first two studies took TEM and AFM images of CD domains in liquid water. The following four studies took molecular scale images of hexagonal water structures after liquid water was absorbed onto Cu, Ni, or Fe metal surfaces [65 - 68]. These four studies created SW water structures by attaching a molecular layer of water to the metal surfaces with kosmotropic water properties, i.e., they add structure to free water molecules [8]." {Credits 1} " It is reasonable to assume that the TEM images show the π electrons circling each hexagonal water ring and that each 10 nm dia. CD may contain millions of water molecules. This vortex of negative electrons also attracts a vortexs warm of positive protons (H+) in the liquid water interface between each CD sphere. These two vortex swarms of quasi-free electrons and protons form the basis of the astonishing redox properties of SW and BSW water." {Credits 1} " A similar but independent SW trial to the Cardarella et al. study reviewed by Ho [65] study was conducted at the Konovalov lab in Russia [27]. They also found supra-molecular structures in serially diluted water that formed when exposed to EMF fields [27, 9]." {Credits 1} Etc, etc. {Credits 1} 🎪 Ramsey, C. L. (2023). Biologically Structured Water (BSW) - A Review (Part 1): Structured Water (SW) Properties, BSW and Redox Biology, BSW and Bioenergetics. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 19, 174–201. https://doi.org/10.29169/1927-5129.2023.19.15. © 2023 by author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
Last modified on 28-Oct-24 |