Development of advanced cellular and molecular biosensors for the study of neurotransmitter interaction and prospects for applications in Biology and Medicine

This thesis has two parts the second one provides evidence for distant cell-to-cell communication by electromagnetic fields:

" The second section deals with the examination of the existence of non- chemical, distant cellular interactions between neuronal cells. The mechanism of cell-to- cell communication and the coordinated cellular responses they present are something that has been of great concern to the scientific community in recent years. The work in the present study focuses on non-chemical, distant cellular interactions (NCDCI) that are likely to be responsible for this communication. Recent experiments have suggested the field theory of conscious electromagnetic information (CEMI) as a possible explanation for this cell-to-cell communication. In the present work, using a bioelectric biosensor, we observed the emergence of distant communication between neuroblastoma cells providing evidence for this theory. This observation was made simultaneously with the observations of changes in the membrane potential of human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells that were physically separated from each other. The cells were divided into two groups naturally separated. In one group we had the "inducer" cells that were stimulated with dopamine, and in the other group, we had the "detector" cells which showed a synchronized response to the "inducer" cells, with the amplitude of the response decreasing as the distance increased. In order to investigate the nature of the mechanisms that cause the observed distant cell interactions, cell cultures were separated with barriers, which were non-transparent in certain frequency ranges of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum or treated with vinblastine, a vinca alkaloid, which binds tubulin, thereby inhibiting the assembly of microtubules. The mechanism responsible for cell-to-cell communication is discussed in accordance with the observed effects of coordinated changes in membrane potential."

" The results (Figure 34) showed that the smallest difference was observed when quartz barrier was used to separate inducer cells (Position 1) from detector cells (Position 2). The difference with the control was very small (aprox. 7%) compared with the glass with a difference approximate 60%. Therefore, there is evidence of UV involvement."