5G & 4G Phone MW Hazards Experiments
Radiation generated by those technologies are not exempt from affecting life processes
The advent of 4G and 5G mobile communication technologies has revolutionized connectivity while raising concerns about potential health impacts due to radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure. This section synthesizes experimental findings on the biological effects of 4G and 5G radiation, focusing on its impacts on reproductive health, neurodevelopment, immune modulation, and oxidative stress. ...
The evidence highlights the need for informed mobile phone usage and further investigation into chronic and low-intensity exposure scenarios.
The deployment of 4G and 5G networks has exponentially increased human exposure to RF-EMFs. Operating at frequencies ranging from 700 MHz to over 30 GHz, these technologies present unique biological interaction profiles. Experimental studies indicate that prolonged and intensive exposure to 4G and 5G radiation can influence cellular, systemic, and developmental processes. This section compiles experimental evidence on these effects, exploring their mechanisms and implications for public health.
Mechanisms of RF-EMF Interaction:
Non-Thermal Effects:
RF-EMFs disrupt cellular ionic homeostasis, enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and interfere with protein folding dynamics (Pecoraro et al., 2022).
Modulation of voltage-gated ion channels alters neuronal and cardiac excitability (Torkan, 2021).
Oxidative Stress:
Increased oxidative damage is evidenced by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (Mohamed et al., 2022).
Immune Modulation:
Time-dependent alterations in cytokine levels, such as increased IL-1α, highlight RF-EMFs' influence on immune responses (Yadav & Singh, 2023).
Biological Effects of 4G and 5G Radiation:
Reproductive Health:
Male Fertility:
Exposure to 2400 MHz radiation reduces sperm count, viability, and motility, while increasing sperm morphological abnormalities (Banavath et al., 2021).
DNA fragmentation and mitochondrial dysfunction in sperm cells are prominent under 3.5 GHz exposure (Butković et al., 2024).
Embryonic Development:
Experimental chick studies demonstrate teratogenic effects such as reduced hatchability and morphological anomalies, including non-retracted yolk sacs and malformed limbs (Augustianath et al., 2023).
Neurological Impacts:
Cognitive and Behavioral Effects:
Anxiety-like behaviors and memory impairments have been observed in rodents exposed to 2400 MHz radiation (Hasan et al., 2021).
Long-term exposure to 5G signals diminishes functional connectivity in the brain while increasing clustering coefficients, indicative of potential hyper-connectivity (Yang et al., 2020).
Cellular Damage:
Histological analyses reveal neuronal loss and degenerative changes in the hippocampus and cerebellum following chronic 4G exposure (Sunday et al., 2021).
Systemic Effects:
Endocrine and Metabolic Changes:
Decreased nesfatin-1 and insulin levels alongside increased ghrelin and glucose levels indicate disruptions in energy regulation pathways (Bektas et al., 2024).
Cardiovascular Health:
Reduced heart rate variability and vascular dysfunction are associated with chronic exposure to low-intensity 5G radiation (Souffi et al., 2022).
Protective Strategies:
Nutritional Interventions:
Antioxidants such as vitamin C and omega-3 fatty acids mitigate oxidative stress and improve sperm quality and neuroprotection (Banavath et al., 2021).
Technological Safeguards:
Limiting specific absorption rates (SAR) and using shielding materials effectively reduce exposure risks.
Discussion: Experimental evidence underscores the multifaceted biological effects of 4G and 5G RF-EMFs. The non-thermal mechanisms and frequency-dependent impacts necessitate a cautious approach to mobile phone usage and technology deployment. Research gaps persist, particularly regarding low-intensity, long-term exposures.
Conclusion: The expansion of 4G and 5G networks coincides with emerging evidence of potential health risks. Comprehensive studies addressing chronic exposure scenarios and individual susceptibility are critical to ensuring the safe integration of these technologies into daily life.
Keywords: 4G radiation, 5G radiation, RF-EMF, reproductive health, oxidative stress, neurological impacts, immune modulation, SAR, public health.
-Text generated by AI superficially, for more specific but also more surprising data check the tables below-Very related sections:
↑ text updated (AI generated): 02/01/2025
↓ tables updated (Human): 18/04/2025
Applied Fields - Hazards
5G & 4G Phone MW Hazards Experiments
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F |  | 5G Radiofrequency Exposure Reduces PRDM16 and C/EBP β mRNA Expression, Two Key Biomarkers for Brown Adipogenesis | 900 MHz, 3.5 GHz (CW) - 0.0006 mW/cm2 | 1h/7-14d |  | 2025-(18) | Chandreshwar Seewooruttun, Bélir Bouguila, Aurélie Corona, Stéphane Delanaud, Raphaël Bodin, Véronique Bach, Rachel Desailloud, Amandine Pelletier |
| F | | Short-Term In Vitro Exposure of Human Blood to 5G Network Frequencies: Do Sex and Frequency Additionally Affect Erythrocyte Morphometry? | 700 MHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz (CW) - 0.026 mWcm2 | 2h/1d | | 2025-(21) | Nikolino Žura, Silvijo Vince, Porin Perić, Marinko Vilić, Krešimir Malarić, Vladimira Rimac, Branka Golubić Cepulić, Marina Vajdić, Ivan Jurak, Suzana Milinković Tur, Nina Poljičak Milas, Marko Samardžija, Jakob Nemir, Mirjana Telebuh, Ivona Žura Žaja |
| F | | Hypothesis: ultrasonography can document dynamic in vivo rouleaux formation due to mobile phone exposure | (4G LTE) | 5m/1d | | 2025-(5) | Robert R. Brown, Barbara Biebrich |
| A |  | Effects of 5G mobile phone network electromagnetic field exposure on testicular endoplasmic reticulum stress and the protective role of coenzyme Q10 | 5.9 GHz | 2h/30d | | 2025-(1) | Hamit Yilmaz, Levent Tümkaya, Tolga Mercantepe, Adnan Yılmaz, Fatih Gül, Zehra Topal Suzan |
| F |  | 5G Radio-Frequency-Electromagnetic-Field Effects on the Human Sleep Electroencephalogram: A Randomized Controlled Study in CACNA1C Genotyped Healthy Volunteers [preprint] | 700 MHz (5G), 3.6 GHz (5G) | 30m/1d | | 2024-(25) | Georgia Sousouri, Corinne Eicher, Rachele Maria D’ Angelo, Marie Billecocq, Thomas Fussinger, Mirjam Studler, Myles Capstick, Niels Kuster, Peter Achermann, Reto Huber, Hans-Peter Landolt |
| F |  | Repeated head-exposures to a 5G-3.5 GHz signal do not alter behavior but modify intracerebral gene expression in adult male mice [preprint] | 3.5 GHz (5G) - (SAR 0.19 W/kg (brain)) | 1h/30d |  | 2024-(35) | Julie Lameth, Juliette Royer, Alexandra Martin, Corentine Marie, Délia Arnaud- Cormos, Philippe Lévêque, Roseline Poirier, Jean-Marc Edeline, Michel Mallat |
| A | | Effects of 5G radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on indicators of vitality and DNA integrity of in vitro exposed boar semen | 700 MHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz (CW) - 0.026 mWcm2 | 2h/1d | | 2024-(1) | Ivan Butković, Silvijo Vince, Martina Lojkić, Ivan Folnožić, Suzana Milinović Tur, Marinko Vilić, Krešimir Malarić, Velimir Berta, Marko Samardžija, Mario Kreszinger, Ivona Žura Žaja |
| F | | The effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phones on rat parotid gland histology – an experimental study | 2.1 GHz (4G), 3.4-3.8 GHz (4G) - (SAR, specs, 0.87-1.39 W/kg) | 2h/30-60d | | 2024-(15) | L. I. Matei, M. A. Neag, L. P. Mocan, R. T. Suflețel, A. Cuțaș, M. M. Onofrei, L. M. Gherman, G. Armencea, C. Mihu, A. Ilea, C. M. Mihu, I. R. Bordea, F. Inchingolo, G. Dipalma, C. S. Melincovici |
| F | | Autonomous nervous system responses to environmental-level exposure to 5G's first deployed band (3.5 GHz) in healthy human volunteers | 3.5 GHz - 0.0006-0.001 mW/cm2 | 30m/1d | | 2024-(12) | Layla Jamal, Lisa Michelant, Stéphane Delanaud, Laurent Hugueville, Paul Mazet, Philippe Lévêque, Tamara Baz, Véronique Bach, Brahim Selmaoui |
| A | | Effects of 3.5-GHz radiofrequency radiation on energy-regulatory hormone levels in the blood and adipose tissue | 3.5 GHz - (SAR 0.037 W/kg) | 2h/30d | | 2024-(1) | Hava Bektas, Suleyman Dasdag, Fikret Altindag, Mehmet Z. Akdag, Korkut Yegin, Sermin Algul |
| A | | Effects of 4G mobile phone radiation exposure on reproductive, hepatic, renal, and hematological parameters of male Wistar rat | 2350 MHz (4G) | 2h/56d | | 2023-(1) | Rohit Gautam, Sonali Pardhiya, Jay Prakash Nirala, Priyanka Sarsaiya, Paulraj Rajamani |
| F | | Bio-effects of 5th generation electromagnetic waves on organs of human beings (theoretical study) | 3 GHz | - | | 2023-(6) | Amit Verma, Vijay Kumar, Shipra Gupta |
| A | | Immunomodulatory role of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in human leukemia monocytic cell line | 2318 MHz (4G) - 0.0224 mW/cm2 | 15-120min/1d | | 2023-(1) | Himanshi Yadav, Rajeev Singh |
| A | | The role of RF-EMF (5G) on neuronal development and neuronal health using brain organoids [thesis] | 1950 MHz (5G) | -/30d | | 2023-(1) | Selina Thomas |
| F | | The Wistar Rat Parietal Lobe Cell And Pain Perception Changes After Frequent Of Mobile Phone Electromagnetic Wave Expose | 2100 MHz (4G LTE) | 2h/14-45d | | 2023-(3) | Fatiha Sri Utami Tamad, Trianggoro Budisulistyo, Amin Husni, Retnaningsih, Herlina Suryawati, Suryadi Suryadi |
| A | | Teratogenic effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation on the embryonic development of chick: A study on morphology and hatchability | (2G & 4G) - (SAR 1.12-1.35 W/kg) | - | | 2023-(1) | Tessy Augustianath, D. A. Evans, G. S. Anisha |
| F | | Effect of smart phone usage on cardiovascular and hematological parameters | - | - | | 2022-(5) | Priyanka Srivastava, Pankaj Mishra, Priyanka Jain |
| A | | Effects of 3.5 GHz (5G) Radiofrequency Radiation on Ghrelin, Nesfatin-1, and Irisin Levels in Diabetic and Healthy Brains | 3.5 GHz (5G) - (SAR 0.32 W/kg (1g)) | 2h/30d | | 2022-(1) | Hava Bektas, Sermin Algul, Fikret Altindag, Korkut Yegin, Zulkuf Akdag, Suleyman Dasdag |
| F | | Mobile phone induced EMF stress is reversed upon the use of protective devices: results from two experiments testing different boundary conditions ("physical remedy") | (4G LTE) - 0.00005-0.0013 mW/cm2 | 15min/1d | | 2022-(10) | Rainer Schneider |
| F | | Deep Saturation Nonlinearity of 5G Media and Potential Link to Covid-19 | - | - | | 2022-(10) | Mohsen Lutephy |
| F | | Biological effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields to 27 GHz on sperm quality of Mytilus galloprovincialis | 27 GHz (CW)- (SAR 0.11-0.18 W/kg) | 10-40min/1d | | 2022-(10) | Roberta Pecoraro, Santi Concetto Pavone, Elena Maria Scalisi, Carmen Sica, Sara Ignoto, Martina Contino, Antonio Salvaggio, Gino Sorbello, Loreto Di Donato, Maria Violetta Brundo |
| F | | Exposure to 1800 MHz LTE electromagnetic fields under proinflammatory conditions decreases the response strength and increases the acoustic threshold of auditory cortical neurons | 1800 MHz (4G LTE) - (SAR 0.5 W/kg) | 2h/1d | | 2022-(14) | Samira Souffi, Julie Lameth, Quentin Gaucher, Délia Arnaud Cormos, Philippe Lévêque, Jean‑Marc Edeline, Michel Mallat |
| A | | Histological study on the Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted from 4G Cell Phones on the Thyroid Gland of the Adult Male Albino Rat | (4G LTE) | 1h/56d | | 2022-(1) | Mona Nabil Mohamed, Soheir Ibrahim Saleh, Mariam Asaad Amin, Rehab Tolba Khattab, Mary Refaat Isaac, Maha Moustafa Ahmed Zakaria |
| A | | 3.5-GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation promotes the development of Drosophila melanogaster | 3.5 GHz (5G) - 0.01-1 mW/cm2 | - | | 2021-(1) | Yahong Wang, Zhihao Jiang, Lu Zhang, Ziyan Zhang, Yanyan Liao, Peng Cai |
| F | | Ameliorative effect of Punica granatum on sperm parameters in rats exposed to mobile radioelectromagnetic radiation ("chemical remedy") | 800-2400 MHz (4G) - (SAR, specs, 0.53 W/kg) | 1h/90d | | 2021-(7) | Anjaneyababu Naik Banavath, Sridevi Nangali Srinivasa |
| F | | Effect of 2400 MHz mobile phone radiation exposure on the behavior and hippocampus morphology in Swiss mouse model | 2400 MHz (4G) - 0.2 mW/cm2 | 100min/60d | | 2021-(9) | Imam Hasan, Mir Rubayet Jahan, Md Nabiul Islam, Mohammad Rafiqul Islam |
| F | | https://journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/article/view/4099 | (4G) | 6-24h/56d | | 2021-(11) | Joshua Oladele Owolabi, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Vimla Luximon-Ramma |
| F | | A Study of 4G Radiofrequency Radiation effects on Juvenile Wistar Rats Cerebellum and Potential Attenuative Properties of Fish Oil Omega-3 Fat ("chemical remedy") | (4G LTE + mobile WI-FI) - (SAR, specs, 1.5 W/kg) | 24h/14-28d | | 2021-(14) | Fabiyi Oluwaseyi Sunday, Ogunbiyi Olubunmi, C. OdusoteIfeoluwa, Adelakin Lola, Olanrewaju John Afees, Olatunji Sunday Yinka, Owolabi Joshua Oladele |
| A | | Simulated mobile communication frequencies (3.5GHz) emitted by a signal generator affects the sleep of Drosophila melanogaster | 3.5 GHz (5G) - 0.01-1 mW/cm2 | 24h/3-?d | | 2021-(1) | Yahong Wang, Hongying Zhang, Ziyan Zhang, Boqun Sun, Chao Tang, Lu Zhang, Zhihao Jiang, BoDing, Yanyan Liao, Peng Cai |
| F | | Examining changes in sensitivity and functionality of mechanosensitive ion channel protein Piezo 1 exposed to Low-Level Radiofrequency Radiation | 845 MHz (4G) - 0.0005-0.0038 mW/cm2 | 10m/1d | | 2021-(141) | Azadeh Torkan |
| A | | The effect of 4.5 G (LTE Advanced-Pro network) mobile phone radiation on the optic nerve | (4G LTE) | 2h/42d | | 2021-(1) | Erkin Özdemira, Ülkü Çömelekoglua, Evren Degirmencib, Gülsen Bayrakc, Metin Yildirimd, Tolgay Ergenoglue, Banu Coşkun Yılmazc, Begüm Korunur Engizf, Serap Yalind, Dilan Deniz Koyuncue, Erkan Ozbayg |
| F | | Hematobiochemical and histopathological alterations of kidney and testis due to exposure of 4G cell phone radiation in mice | 2400 MHz (4G) - (SAR 0.087 W/kg) | 40-60min/60d | | 2021-(10) | Imam Hasan, Tanjina Amin, Md. Rafiqul Alam, Mohammad Rafiqul Islam |
| F | | Functional and network analyses of human exposure to long-term evolution signal | 2753 MHz (4G LTE) - (SAR 0.61 W/kg (10g)) | 30min/1d | | 2020-(19) | Lei Yang, Chen Zhang, Zhiye Chen, Congsheng Li, Tongning Wu |
| F | | Continuous Exposure to 1.7 GHz Lte electromagnetic fields increases intracellular Reactive oxygen Species to Decrease Human Cell Proliferation and induce Senescence | 1.7 GHz (4G LTE-WCDMA) - (SAR 1-2 W/kg) | 24h/3d | | 2020-(15) | Jisu Choi, Kyeongrae Min, Sangbong Jeon, Nam Kim, Jeong-Ki Pack, Kiwon Song |
| A | | Effects of mobile phone radiation on certain hematological parameters | 2300-2400 MHz (4G) - (SAR, specs, 1.42 W/kg) | 1h/1d | | 2020-(1) | Bindhu Christopher, Y. Sheena Mary, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, D. A. Bradley, M. T. Chew, P. J. Jojo |
| F | | Short- and long-duration exposures to cell-phone radiofrequency waves produce dichotomous effects on phototactic response and circadian characteristics of locomotor activity rhythm in zebrafish, Danio rerio | 2300 MHz (4G) - (SAR 0.004 W/kg) | 30min-4h/1d, 7d | | 2019-(16) | Shikha Malik, Atanu Kumar, Arti Parganiha |
| F | | Early-Life Exposure to Pulsed LTE Radiofrequency Fields Causes Persistent Changes in Activity and Behavior in C57BL/6J Mice | 1846 MHz (4G LTE) - (SAR 0.5-1 W/kg) | 30min/22d | | 2019-(14) | Kerry A. Broom, Richard Findlay, Darren S. Addison, Cristian Goiceanu, Zenon Sienkiewicz |
| F | | Long-term exposure to 4G smartphone radio frequency electromagnetic radiation diminished male reproductive potential by directly disrupting Spock3–MMP2-BTB axis in the testes of adult rats | 2575–2635 MHz (4G) - 2.24 mW/cm2 (SAR 1.05 W/kg) | 6h/150d | | 2019-(1) | Gang Yu, Zeping Tang, Hui Chen, Zhiyuan Chen, Lei Wang, Hui Cao, Gang Wang, Jiansheng Xing, Haotao Sheng, Qing Cheng, Donghui Li, Guoren Wang, Yang Xiang, Yupeng Guang, Yabing Zhu, Zhenxiang Liu, Zhiming Bai |
| A | | Modulation of resting-state brain functional connectivity by exposure to acute fourth-generation long-term evolution electromagnetic field: An fMRI study | 2573 MHz - (SAR 0.98 W/kg (10g)) | 30min/1d | | 2019-(1) | Yiwen Wei, Jiayi Yang, Zhiye Chen, Tongning Wu, Bin Lv |
| F | | Exposure to mobile phone radiations at 2350 MHz incites cyto- and genotoxic effects in root meristems of Allium cepa | 2350 MHz - 0.0492 mW/cm2 (0.31 W/kg) | 1-4h/1d | | 2018-(8) | Shikha Chandel, Shalinder Kaur, Mohd Issa, Harminder Pal Singh, Daizy Rani Batish, Ravinder Kumar Kohli |
| F | | Short-term radiofrequency exposure from new generation mobile phones reduces EEG alpha power with no effects on cognitive performance | 1947 MHz (3G UMTS), 1750 MHz (4G LTE-WCDMA) - (SAR max. 1.8 W/kg) | 20min/1d | | 2018-(12) | Zsuzsanna Vecsei, Balázs Knakker, Péter Juhász, György Thuróczy, Attila Trunk, István Hernádi |
| F | | AB037. Long-term exposure to the mobile phone radiation decreased the sperm quality of Sprague Dawley rats | (4G) - (SAR, specs, 1.58 W/kg) | 4h/150d | | 2018-(1) | Gang Yu, Zhiming Bai |
| F | | The effect of exposure to Wi-Fi 4G electromagnetic wave radiation on the weight of epidirmis and morphology of the sperm of male wistar rats (in Indonesian) | (4G) | 8-24h/ 44d | | 2018-(15) | Meily Nirnasari |
| F | | Effect of Electromagnetic Waves from Mobile Phones on Spermatogenesis in the Era of 4G-LTE | 2.104 GHz (4G LTE) - (SAR 3.0 W/kg (body)) | 6-18h/28d | | 2018-(9) | Jong Jin Oh, Seok-Soo Byun, Sang Eun Lee, Gheeyoung Choe, Sung Kyu Hong |
| F | | Effect of Electromagnetic Field from 2G, 3G And 4G Mobile Phones on the Organization of Purkinje Cell Layer of Rat Cerebellum | 0.9-2.1-2.6 GHz | 60m/60d | | 2017-(5) | Madiha Ali, Shadab Ahmed Butt, Shabnam Hamid |
| F | | A 5G Wireless Future: Will it Give us a Smart Nation or Contribute to an Unhealtlhy One? [article] | - | - | | 2017-(4) | Cindy Russell |
| A | | Long-Term Evolution Electromagnetic Fields Exposure Modulates the Resting State EEG on Alpha and Beta Bands | 2.61 GHz (4G LTE) - (SAR 1.34 W/kg (10g) 1.96 W/kg (1g)) | - | | 2016-(1) | Lei Yang, Qinghua Chen, Bin Lv, Tongning Wu |
| A | | Study of Change in Enzymatic Reaction under Radiowaves/Microwaves on Lactic Acid Dehydrogenase and Catalase at 2.1, 2.3 and 2.6GHz | 2.1-2.3-2.6 GHz - 0.00024 mW/cm2 & 0.6 mW/cm2 | - | | 2015-(1) | Sohni Jain, Vuk Vojisavljevic, Elena Pirogova |
| F | | Effects of low power microwaves at 1.8, 2.1, and 2.3 GHz on l-Lactic dehydrogenase and Glutathione peroxidase enzymes | 1.8-2.1-2.3 GHz - 0.121 mW/cm2 (SAR 0.841 W/kg) | - | | 2014-(12) | Hamad S. Alsuhaim, Vuk Vojisavljevic & Elena Pirogova |
| F | | Whole Brain EEG Synchronization Likelihood Modulated by Long Term Evolution Electromagnetic Fields Exposure | 2.576 GHz (4G LTE) | 30m/1d | | 2014-(4) | Bin Lv, Chang Su, Lei Yang, Yi Xie, Tongning Wu |
| F F | | - Acute LTE Electromagnetic Field Exposure Modulates the Human Resting-state Functional Connectivity [presentation] - The alteration of spontaneous low frequency oscillations caused by acute electromagnetic fields exposure | 2.576 GHz (4G LTE) - (SAR 0.9-1.07 W/kg (10g)) | 30m/1d | | 2014-(1) 2013- (10) | Bin Lv, Zhiye Chen, Tongning Wu, Qing Shao, Duo Yan, Lin Ma, Ke Lu, Yi Xie |
.
.
