ELF-EMF Hazards Experiments
Fields surrounding electrical lines, transformers and others affect life processes
Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) influence biological systems in complex ways, with implications for behavior, neurological function, reproduction, oxidative stress, and ecological dynamics. This section synthesizes findings from several dozen of experimental studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the diverse effects of ELF-EMFs. ...
The evidence underscores the necessity of revisiting exposure guidelines and fostering interdisciplinary research to mitigate potential risks.
ELF-EMFs, with frequencies below 300 Hz, are ubiquitous in modern environments due to power lines, electronic devices, and industrial equipment. Although considered non-ionizing, ELF-EMFs have been implicated in diverse biological effects, challenging the long-held assumption of their safety at typical exposure levels. This section consolidates experimental evidence to elucidate the multifaceted impacts of ELF-EMFs on biological systems and ecosystems, including studies focused on very low-intensity exposures.
Behavioral and Neurological Effects:
Cognitive and Behavioral Changes:
ELF-EMF exposure disrupts cognitive functions, as seen in studies with rats demonstrating decreased spatial memory and altered hippocampal activity (Zhang et al., 2017).
Increased aggression and impaired aversive learning have been documented in honeybees exposed to ELF-EMFs at 50 Hz and 0.1 mT (Shepherd et al., 2019).
Neurochemical and Electrophysiological Alterations:
Chronic ELF-EMF exposure modulates neurotransmitter levels, impacting serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine pathways, which are linked to depression and anxiety-like behaviors (Ebrahimi et al., 2019).
Studies reveal disrupted theta-gamma coupling in the hippocampus, affecting working memory and neural synchronization (Zhang et al., 2017).
Reproductive and Developmental Impacts:
Effects on Gametes and Fertility:
ELF-EMFs adversely affect sperm motility, DNA integrity, and testicular morphology in rodents exposed to fields of 50 Hz and intensities ranging from 0.1 mT to 1 mT (Karimi et al., 2018).
Developmental anomalies, including long-term learning deficits, were observed in prenatal and neonatal mice exposed to ELF-EMFs at 1 mT (Sakhnini et al., 2014).
Hormonal Disruptions:
Significant alterations in thyroid hormones (T3, T4, and TSH) were found in ELF-EMF-exposed mice, with implications for metabolic and reproductive health (Ebrahimi et al., 2019).
Cellular and Molecular Effects:
Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage:
ELF-EMFs induce oxidative stress, characterized by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation, alongside decreased antioxidant enzyme activity (Mahdavi et al., 2015).
DNA strand breaks and chromosomal aberrations were reported in multiple cell types exposed to ELF-EMFs at intensities of 0.5 mT or higher.
Protein and Cellular Changes:
Proteomic analyses indicate altered expression of proteins involved in stress responses, apoptosis, and cellular repair (Jakubowska et al., 2019).
ELF-EMFs influence protein folding and conformation, potentially disrupting cellular homeostasis.
Impacts of Very Low-Intensity ELF-EMFs (≤ 0.01 mT):
Subtle Cellular Responses:
Exposures as low as 0.0025 mT at 50 Hz were sufficient to alter calcium flux in neuronal cells, impacting synaptic signaling and plasticity (Ledda et al., 2018).
Chronic low-intensity exposure enhances mitochondrial ROS production, indicating heightened sensitivity of cellular energy pathways to weak fields (Santini et al., 2020).
Neurobehavioral Effects:
Mice exposed to 0.01 mT for extended periods displayed mild cognitive impairments and increased anxiety-related behaviors, suggesting behavioral changes even under very low intensities (Maldonado et al., 2019).
Developmental Impacts:
Embryonic stem cells showed altered differentiation patterns under 0.01 mT ELF-EMFs, with specific impacts on cardiac lineage commitment (Perales et al., 2021).
Ecological and Environmental Impacts:
Pollinators and Plant Communities:
Honeybee populations exhibit decreased pollination efficiency and altered gene expression in antioxidant and behavior-related pathways when exposed to ELF-EMFs (Molina-Montenegro et al., 2023).
Reduced seed production and plant diversity were observed in ecosystems near ELF-EMF sources.
Wildlife and Aquatic Organisms:
Behavioral changes, such as altered shelter-seeking and roaming patterns, were observed in crabs exposed to ELF-EMFs, highlighting sensitivity among marine species (Scott et al., 2021).
ELF-EMFs disrupt fitness components and locomotor activity in genetically distinct lines of Drosophila subobscura, suggesting potential impacts on biodiversity (Zmejkoski et al., 2017).
Health Risks and Public Concerns:
Mental Health:
Increased anxiety, stress, and depression were reported in individuals exposed occupationally to ELF-EMFs, with concurrent reports of poor sleep quality (Hosseinabad et al., 2018).
Experimental studies in macaques reveal cortical inactivity and behavioral depression under prolonged ELF-EMF exposure (Aliyari et al., 2018).
Potential Carcinogenicity:
ELF-EMFs are classified as "possibly carcinogenic" by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), with studies linking prolonged exposure to childhood leukemia and other malignancies.
Discussion: The diverse effects of ELF-EMFs on biological systems and ecosystems emphasize the need for a nuanced understanding of exposure risks. Current guidelines, which focus primarily on thermal effects, fail to account for the complex non-thermal interactions observed in experimental settings. The inclusion of studies on very low-intensity exposures highlights the potential for significant biological effects even at minimal field strengths. Moreover, the vulnerability of certain populations, such as children, pregnant women, and pollinators, warrants targeted protective measures.
Conclusion: The accumulating evidence highlights the necessity of revisiting ELF-EMF safety standards to reflect their multifaceted impacts. Interdisciplinary research integrating biology, environmental science, and public health is essential to mitigate risks and promote sustainable technological advancements. Particular attention should be paid to the implications of very low-intensity ELF-EMFs, which challenge traditional assumptions of safety thresholds.
Keywords: ELF-EMFs, oxidative stress, neurological effects, reproductive health, ecological impact, very low-intensity EMFs, public health, non-thermal mechanisms.
-Text generated by AI superficially, for more specific but also more surprising data check the tables below-Very related sections:
↑ text updated (AI generated): 11/01/2025
↓ tables updated (Human): 15/12/2024
Applied Fields - Hazards
ELF-EMF Hazards Experiments
ELF-EMF effects on Behaviour ║ ELF-EMF effects on Brain: Various changes ║ ELF-EMF effects on Embryos/Pups ║ ELF-EMF effects on Sperm, Testis or Ovaries ║ Histopatological changes caused by ELF-EMF exposure ║ Proteome changes after ELF-EMF irradiation ║ Protein folding/conformation changes induced by ELF-EMF ║ Oxidative Stress provoked by ELF-EMF radiation ║ Apoptosis or Cell Growth afffected by ELF-EMF ║ DNA Damage caused by ELF-EMF exposure ║ Cancer as side effect of ELF-EMF exposure ║ ELF-EMF effects on the Heart ║ ELF-EMF effects on Bacteria ║ Various / Other changes provoked by ELF-EMF
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | Electromagnetic fields disrupt the pollination service by honeybees | 0.01-0.001 mT | - | 2023-(12) | Marco A. Molina-Montenegro, Ian S. Acuña-Rodríguez, Gabriel I. Ballesteros, Mariela Baldelomar, Cristian Torres-Díaz, Bernardo R. Broitman, Diego P. Vázquez | ||
F | Effect of Short Time Exposure of Local ELF-MFs on Sleepiness Induced in Male Rats | 0-18 Hz - 0.2 mT | 10m/3d | 2021-(22) | Elnaz Azizi, Fatemeh Ayoobi, Ali Shamsizadeh, Amir Moghadam-Ahmadi, Seyed Ali Shafiei, Ali Reza Khoshdel, Mohammad Reza Mirzaei | ||
F | Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) from Submarine Power Cables Can Trigger Strength-Dependent Behavioural and Physiological Responses in Edible Crab, Cancer pagurus (L.) | 0.25-1 mT | 24h/1d | 2021-(16) | Kevin Scott, Petra Harsanyi, Blair A. A. Easton, Althea J. R. Piper, Corentine M. V. Rochas, Alastair R. Lyndon | ||
F | Sublethal neonicotinoid exposure attenuates the effects of electromagnetic fields on honey bee flight and learning | 50 Hz - 0.1-7 mT | 3s/1d | 2021-(9) | S. Shepherd, M. A. P. Lima, E. E. Oliveira, S. M. Sharkh, H. Aonuma, C. W. Jackson. P. L. Newland | ||
F | The effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field on depression, anxiety, thyroid hormones, and gene expression in mice | 50 Hz - 1 mT | 3h/30d | 2019-(7) | Mohammadreza Ebrahimi, Mahmoud Seraj Keivan Majidzadeh Ardebili, Alireza Khoshdel, Hassan Shahmiri Barzoki | ||
F | Increased aggression and reduced aversive learning in honey bees exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields | 50 Hz - 0.1 mT, 1 mT | 17h/1d | 2019-(13) | Sebastian Shepherd, Georgina Hollands, Victoria C. Godley, Suleiman M. Sharkh, Chris W. Jackson, Philip L. Newland | ||
A | Effect of low frequency electromagnetic field on the behavior and bioenergetics of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor | 50 Hz - 1 mT | - | 2019-(1) | Magdalena Jakubowska, Barbara Urban-Malinga, Zbigniew Otremba, Eugeniusz Andrulewicz | ||
A | The effect of chronic exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on sleep quality, stress, depression and anxiety (occupational) | - | - | 2018-(1) | Majid Bagheri Hosseinabad, Narges Khanjani, Mohammad Hossein Ebrahimi, Bahman Haji | ||
A | Long term power frequency electromagnetic fields exposure influences the causal network connection pattern of local field potentials during working memory (in Chinesse) | 50 Hz - 2 mT | 24h/24-48d | 2018-(1) | Shuangyan Li, Xuehan Wen, Haojun Sang, Guizhi Xu | ||
F | Analysis of the Effects of High-Voltage Transmission Line on Human Stress and Attention Through Electroencephalography (EEG) | - | - | 2018-(8) | Hamed Aliyari, Seyed Hossein Hosseinian, Mohammad Bagher Menhaj & Hedayat Sahraei | ||
A | Effects of exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on spatial and passive avoidance learning and memory, anxiety-like behavior and oxidative stress in male rats | 0.1-2 mT | 2h/60d | 2018-(1) | Seyed Asaad Karimi, Iraj Salehi, Teimor Shykhi, Samad Zare, Alireza Komaki | ||
F | Effect of proximity to high-voltage fields: results of the neural network model and experimental model with macaques | 50 Hz - 0.01 mT | 4h/30d | 2018-(12) | H. Aliyari, S. H. Hosseinian, H. Sahraei, M. B. Menhaj | ||
A | Theta-gamma coupling in hippocampus during working memory deficits induced by low frequency electromagnetic field exposure | 50 Hz - 1 mT | -/7d | 2017-(1) | Yameng Zhang, Yan Zhang, Hejuan Yu, Yamin Yang, Weitao Li, Zhiyu Qian | ||
A | Different responses of Drosophila subobscura isofemale lines to extremely low frequency magnetic field (50 Hz, 0.5 mT): fitness components and locomotor activity | 50 Hz - 0.5 mT | 24h/2d | 2017-(1) | Danica Zmejkoski ,Branka Petković, Sofija Pavković-Lučić, Zlatko Prolić, Marko Anđelković, Tatjana Savić | ||
A | The possible consequences for cognitive functions of external electric fields at power line frequency on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons (simulation) | - | - | 2016-(1) | Rosanna Migliore, Giada De Simone, Xavier Leinekugel, Michele Migliore | ||
F | Common behaviors alterations after extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure in rat animal model | 40 Hz - 0.1 mT | -/28d | 2015-(7) | Seyed Mohammad Mahdavi, Hedayat Sahraei, Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani, Akram Najafi Abedi | ||
F | Effects of exposure to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on Morris water-maze performance of prenatal and neonatal mice | 50 Hz - 1 mT | 24h/7d | 2014-(5) | Lama Sakhnini, Sara Al-Ghareeb, Sahar Khalil, Reem Ahmed, Alaa Abdul Ameer, Amer Kamal | ||
F | Autism-relevant social abnormalities in mice exposed perinatally to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields | 50 Hz - 1 mT | - | 2014-(7) | Ibrahim Alsaeed, Faisal Al-Somali, Lama Sakhnini, Omar S. Aljarallah, Rayan M.M. Hamdan, Saleh A. Bubishate, Ziyab Khan Sarfaraz, Amer Kamal | ||
F | Extremely low frequency magnetic field (50 Hz, 0.5 mT) modifies fitness components and locomotor activity of Drosophila subobscura | 50 Hz - 0.5 mT | 24h/2d | 2014-(7) | Danica Dimitrijević, Tatjana Savić, Marko Anđelković, Zlatko Prolić, Branka Janać | ||
F | Long-term exposure to low frequency electro-magnetic fields of 50- and 217-Hz leads to learning and memory deficits in mice | 50-217 Hz - 0.5-2 mT | 16h/14d | 2012-(8) | Elaheh Nooshinfar, Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani, Soheila Khodakarim |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | Protective effects of blueberry anthocyanin extracts on hippocampal neuron damage induced by extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field ("chemical remedy") | 50 Hz - 0.3 mT | 8h/30d | 2020-(19) | Xiyun Sun, Zihan Xu, Yuehua Wang, Ning Liu | ||
F | An Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field and Global Cerebral Ischemia Affect Pituitary ACTH and TSH Cells in Gerbils | 50 Hz - 0.5 mT | 7d | 2019-(6) | Snežana Rauš Balind, Milica Manojlović‐Stojanoski, Branka Šošić‐Jurjević, Vesna Selaković, Verica Milošević, Branka Petković | ||
A | The Effect of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Visual Learning & Memory and Anatomical Structures of the Brain in Male Rhesus Monkeys (in Farsi) | 5-30 Hz - 0.7 mT | 4h/30d | 2018-(1) | Elahe Tekieh, Masomeh Kazemi, Hasan Tavakoli, Mehdi Saberi, Hosean Ghanaati, Mostafa Hajinasrollah, Maryam Salehi, Hamed Aliyary, Hedayat Sahraei | ||
F | miRNA expression profile is altered differentially in the rat brain compared to blood after experimental exposure to 50 Hz and 1 mT electromagnetic field | 50 Hz - 1 mT | 4h/60d | 2017-(8) | Mehmet Emin Erdal, Senay Gorücü Yılmaz, Serkan Gürgül, Cosar Uzun, Didem Derici, Nurten Erdal | ||
F | Fifty-Hertz Magnetic Field Affects the Epigenetic Modulation of the miR-34b/c in Neuronal Cells | 50 Hz - 1 mT | 4-72h | 2017-(17) | Claudia Consales, Claudia Cirotti, Giuseppe Filomeni, Martina Panatta, Alessio Butera, Caterina Merla, Vanni Lopresto, Rosanna Pinto, Carmela Marino, Barbara Benassi | ||
F | Variations of Glutamate Concentration Within Synaptic Cleft in the Presence of Electromagnetic Fields: An Artificial Neural Networks Study | 50-250 Hz - 0.1-2 mT | 15-55min /1d | 2015-(14) | Neda Masoudian, Gholam Hossein Riazi, Ali Afrasiabi, Seyed Mohamad Sadegh Modaresi, Ali Dadras, Shahrbanoo Rafiei, Meysam Yazdankhah, Atiye Lyaghi, Mostafa Jarah, Shahin Ahmadian, Hossein Seidkhani | ||
A | Effects of two different waveforms of ELF MF on bioelectrical activity of antennal lobe neurons of Morimus funereus (Insecta, Coleoptera) | 50 Hz - 2mT | 5-15min /1d | 2015-(1) | Dajana Todorović, Zlatko Prolić, Branka Petković, Aleksandar Kalauzi | ||
A | Effects of the static and ELF magnetic fields on the neuronal population activity in Morimus funereus (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) antennal lobe revealed by wavelet analysis | 50 Hz - 2 mT | 5min, 15min/1d | 2014-(1) | Sladjana Spasić , Srdjan Kesić, Gordana Stojadinović, Branka Petković, Dajana Todorović | ||
F | Exposure to Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Modulates Na + Currents in Rat Cerebellar Granule Cells through Increase of AA/PGE2 and EP Receptor-Mediated cAMP/PKA Pathway | 50 Hz - 0.4-1 mT | 10-60min /1d | 2013-(13) | Yan-Lin He, Dong-Dong Liu, Yan-Jia Fang, Xiao-Qin Zhan, Jin-Jing Yao, Yan-Ai Mei | ||
F | The influence of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field on the basal ganglia structures of the rat brain | 50 Hz - 0.05-0.5 mT | 7h/5d x 13 | 2011-(12) | Igor O. Gojković, Smiljana D. Para, Radoslav B. Gajanin, Milica D. Matavulj, Vesna K. Rajković, Goran D. Spasojević | ||
F | Weak Environmental Magnetic Fields Inhibit Spontaneous Bioelectrical Activity in Snail Neurons | 50 Hz - 0.002-0.2 mT | - | 2010-(7) | Mehri Kaviani Moghadam, Mohammad Firoozabadi, Mahyar Janahmadi |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | Extremely Low Frequency-Electromagnetic Fields (ELF-EMF) Can Decrease Spermatocyte Count and Motility and Change Testicular Tissue | 50 Hz - 0.1 mT | 1-4h/5-52d | 2021-(12) | Saeid Karbalay-Doust, Maryam Darabyan, Mohsen Sisakht, Gholamhassan Haddadi, Narges Sotoudeh, Masoud Haghani, Seyed Mohammad Javad Mortazavi | ||
F | Effect of low-frequency electric field screening on motility of human sperm | 50 Hz - 0.007 mT | 5-30m/1d | 2020-(8) | Romuald Górski, Małgorzata Kotwicka, Izabela Skibińska, Magdalena Jendraszak, Stanisław Wosiński | ||
F | Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields of High Voltage Overhead Power Lines and Female Infertility | - | - | 2019-(6) | Sedigheh Esmailzadeh, Mouloud Agajani Delavar, Ashraf Aleyassin, Sayyed Asghar Gholamian, Amirmasoud Ahmadi | ||
F | The effect of 20-week continuous 60 Hz magnetic field exposure on testicular function in sprague-dawley rats | 60 Hz - 0.2 mT | 24h/140d | 2018-(8) | Sungman Park, Young-Jin Kim, Min Soo Kim, Hee-Sung Kim, Min-Woo Kim, Yeon-Mi Kang, Sang-Kon Lee, Kyoung-Chan Choi, Nam Kim, Youn-Myoung Gimm, Yoon-Won Kim | ||
F | The effect of Non-ionizing electromagnetic field with a frequency of 50 Hz in Rat ovary: A transmission electron microscopy study | 50-60 Hz | -/56d - 91d | 2016-(8) | Amir Afshin Khaki, Arash Khaki, Seyed Shahin Ahmad | ||
F | Effects of extremely low-frecuency electromagnetic field exposure during prenatal period on biomarkers of oxidative stress and pathology of ovarian tissue in F1 generation | 50 Hz - 3 mT | 4h/21d | 2013-(7) | Hamideh Gharamaleki, Kazem Parivar, Jafar Soleimani Rad, Leila Roshangar, Mehrdad Shariati |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | Histological Changes to the Rat Mandibular Condyle in Response to Long-term Exposure to an Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field | 1.5 mT | 4h/180d | 2019-(4) | Ibrahim H. Tacir, Sabiha Z. Ulku, Muzaffer A. Ketani, Mehmet Z. Akdag | ||
F | Effects of 50 Hz extremely low frequency sinusoidal magnetic fields on the apoptosis of the hearts of preincubated chicken embryos at different levels of developments | 50 Hz - 1.33-7.32 mT | 24h/1d | 2013-(9) | Maryam Shams Lahijani, Dariush Minai Tehrani, Narges Fereydouni | ||
A | Effects of sinusoidal electromagnetic fields on histopathology and structures of brains of preincubated white leghorn chicken embryos | - 1.33-7.32 mT | 24h/1d | 2011-(1) | Maryam Shams Lahijani, Mohammad Reza Bigdeli, Sima Kalantary |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | The 50 Hertz Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic and the T-helper Balance | 05 Hz - 0.5 mT | 24h /30-60d | 2021-(5) | Bita Hazhir Karzar, Parisa Lotfinejad, Masumeh Zamanlu, Afshin Khaki Amir, Mohammad Amini, Ali Sheikh Olya Lavasani, Badrossadat Rahnama | ||
F | Effect of 50-Hz Magnetic Fields on Serum IL-1β and IL-23 and Expression of BLIMP-1, XBP-1, and IRF-4 | 50 Hz - 0.001-2 mT | 2h/60d | 2019-(8) | Setare Molaei, Mahdi Alahgholi-Hajibehzad, Mohammad Gholamian-Hamadan, Zohre Zaerieghane, Alireza Zamani | ||
F | Proteomic Analysis of Extremely Low-Frequency ElectroMagnetic Field (ELF-EMF) With Different Intensities in Rats Hippocampus | 50 Hz - 0.5-1 mT | 3h /14-28d | 2018-(9) | Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani, Hadi Hasanzadeh, Samaneh Seyyedi, Farhad Ghoujeghi, Vahid Semnani, Hakimeh Zali | ||
F | Proteomic Analysis of the Effect of Extremely Low- Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (ELF-EMF) With Different Intensities in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cell Line | 50 Hz - 0.5-1 mT | 60min/1d | 2017-(5) | Mostafa Rezaie-Tavirani, Hadi Hasanzadeh, Samaneh Seyyedi, Hakimeh Zali | ||
F | Effect of ELF-EMF Exposure on Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line: a Proteomics Analysis | 50 Hz - 2 mT | 3h/1d | 2014-(6) | Hadi Hasanzadeh, Mostafa Rezaie-Tavirani, Samaneh Sadat Seyyedi, Hakimeh Zali, Saeid Heydari Keshel, Majid Jadidi, Ali Abedelahi |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | First Identification of the Effects of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field on the Micromolecular Changes in Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy | 50 Hz - 1.5 mT | 24h/1-3d | 2021-(10) | Kornelia Łach, Józef Cebulski, Radosław Chaber, Beata Kocan, Renata Wojnarowska-Nowak, Agnieszka Banaś-Ząbczyk | ||
F | Competition between N–H bending vibration and α-helix polarization under 50 Hz magnetic field in SH-SY5Y neuronal-like cells | 50 Hz - 1.4 mT | 6h/1d | 2020-(8) | Emanuele Calabrò, Monica Currò, Maria Teresa Caccamo, Riccardo Ientile, Salvatore Magazù | ||
F | Unfolding-induced in Haemoglobin by Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields: A FTIR Spectroscopy Study | 50 Hz - 1 mT | 4h/1d | 2014-(5) | Emanuele Calabrò, Salvatore Magazù | ||
F | Electromagnetic fields with 217 Hz and 0.2 mT as hazardous factors for tubulin structure and assembly (in vitro study) | 50-217 Hz - 0.2 mT | 5min. 15min, 30min/1d | 2013-(10) | Ali Afrasiabi, Gholam Hossein Riazi, Ali Dadras, Elaheh Tavili, Behafarid Ghalandari, Ali Naghshineh, Hamid Mobasheri, Shahin Ahmadian |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | Chronic low-frequency electromagnetic field exposure before and after neonatal life induces changes on blood oxidative parameters of rat offspring | 50 Hz - 0.5 mT | 24h/21d | 2021-(5) | Zozan Guleken | ||
A | The Effect of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on the Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Role of Oxidative Stress | 0.016 mT | - | 2019-(1) | Majid Bagheri Hosseinabadi, Narges Khanjani | ||
F | Effects of prenatal exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic field on testicular tissues of male rats | 50 Hz - 0.5 mT | 24h/+60d | 2019-(4) | Devrim Saribal, Erkan Erdem | ||
F | Effect of 50 Hz electromagnetic field generated nearby high voltage alternating current transmission lines on prooxidant antioxidant balance in selected internal organs of rats | 50 Hz | 24h/28d | 2018-(2) | Pawel Sowa, Grzegorz Cieslar, Aleksander Sieron, Karolina Sieron | ||
F | Effect of electromagnetic fields and antioxidants on the trace element content of rat teeth | 0.00248 mT | 8h/26-52d | 2017-(6) | Mehmet Sinan Dogan, Mehmet Cihan Yavas, Yasemin Yavuz, Sait Erdogan, İsmail Yener, İbrahim Simsek, Zeki Akkus, Veysel Eratilla, Abdulsamet Tanik, Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag | ||
F | The Impact of Electromagnetic Radiation of Different Parameters on Platelet Oxygen Metabolism – In Vitro Studies | 50 Hz, 1 KHz | 30min/1d | 2015-(5) | Małgorzata Lewicka, Gabriela A. Henrykowska, Krzysztof Pacholski, Artur Szczęsny, Maria Dziedziczak-Buczyńska, Andrzej Buczyński | ||
F | Effect of computer radiation on weight and oxidant-antioxidant status of mice | - | 8h, 16h/49d | 2015-(4) | Xuexian Pei, Qijun Gu, Dongdong Ye, Yang Wang, Xu Zou, Lianping He, Yuelong Jin and Yingshui Yao | ||
F | Oxidative and antioxidative responses in submandibular and parotid glands of rats exposed to long-term extremely low frequency magnetic field | 50 Hz - 0.1-0.5 mT | 2h/304d | 2014-(7) | Mehmet Akdağ , Mehmet Zülküf Akdağ , Süleyman Daşdağ , Özcan Erel | ||
F | Age-Dependent Effects of ELF-MF on Oxidative Stress in the Brain of Mongolian Gerbils | 50 Hz - 0.1-0.5 mT | 24h/7d | 2013-(9) | Vesna Selaković, Snežana Rauš Balind, Lidija Radenović, Zlatko Prolić, Branka Janać | ||
F | Effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic field on caspase activities and oxidative stress values in rat brain | 0.1-0.5 mT | 2h/304d | 2010-(12) | Mehmet Zulkuf Akdag, Suleyman Dasdag, Engin Ulukaya, Ali Kemal Uzunlar, Mustafa Ayberk Kurt, Abdullah Taşkın |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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F | Effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic field on healthy fibroblast and breast cancer cells | 50 Hz - 1 mT | 1-5h/1d | 2020-(6) | Handan Kayhan, Babek Erdebilli, Sevim Gonen, Meric Arda Esmekaya, Ersen Ertekin, Ayse Gulnihal Canseven | ||
F | CT2A Cell Viability Modulated by Electromagnetic Fields at Extremely Low Frequency under No Thermal Effects | 7.8-51 Hz - 0.03-0.1 mT | 12d/1-7d | 2019-(7) | Olga García-Minguillán, Raquel Prous, Maria del Carmen Ramirez-Castillejo, Ceferino Maestú | ||
F | Magnetic Fields Trump Oxygen in Controlling the Death of Erythro-Leukemia Cells | 60 Hz - 0.001 mT | - | 2019-(14) | Ying Li, Paul Héroux | ||
F | Electromagnetic field-induced converse cell growth during a long- term observation | 60 Hz - 1 mT | 24h/3d | 2013-(10) | Ji-Eun Bae, Ji-Yeon Do, Soon-Hwan Kwon, Sang-Dae Lee, Yong Woo Jung, Soo-Chan Kim, Kwon-Seok Chae |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
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A | Fifty-hertz magnetic fields induce DNA damage through activating mPTP associated mitochondrial permeability transition in senescent human fetal lung fibroblasts | 50 Hz - 1 mT | 24h/1d | 2024-(1) | Chuan Sun, Sanying Wang, Jing Zhang, Xuqiang Zhou, Tianjun Zhu, Genxiang Mao | ||
A | Exposure of S. cerevisiae to pulsed magnetic field during chronological aging could induce genomic DNA damage | 25 Hz - 1.5 mT | 8h/40d | 2021-(1) | Silvia Mercado-Sáenz, Beatriz López-Díaz, Antonio M. Burgos-Molina, Francisco Sendra-Portero, Alejandro González-Vidal, Miguel Ruiz-Gómez | ||
F | Quality assessment of DNA and hemoglobin by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic field | < 0.05 mT | - | 2020-(7) | Rezvan Zendehdel, Sareh Asadi, Somayeh Alizadeh, Mouhammad Ranjbarian | ||
A | Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of 50 Hz 1 mT electromagnetic field on larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Baltic clam (Limecola balthica) and common ragworm (Hediste diversicolor) | 50 Hz - 1 mT | 24h/12-40d | 2020-(1) | Milda Stankevičiūtė, Magdalena Jakubowsk, Janina Pažusienė, Tomas Makaras, Zbigniew Otremba, Barbara Urban-Malinga, Dariusz P. Fey, Martyna Greszkiewicz, Gintarė Sauliutė, Janina Baršienė, Eugeniusz Andrulewicz | ||
A | DNA damage from long-term occupational exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields among power plant workers | - | - | 2019-(1) | Majid Bagheri Hosseinabadi, Narges Khanjani, Mehdi Mirzaii, Pirasteh Norouzi, Amir Atashi | ||
A | DNA effects of low level occupational exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (50/60 Hz) | 50-60 Hz - 0.004-0.05 mT | - | 2019-(1) | Rezvan Zendehdel, Il Je Yu, Behnam Hajipour-Verdom, Zahra Panjali | ||
F | In Vivo Cytotoxicity Induced by 60 Hz Electromagnetic Fields under a High-Voltage Substation Environment | 60 Hz - 0.0088 mT, 2mT | 24h/3-10d | 2018-(9) | J. Antonio Heredia-Rojas, Abraham Octavio Rodríguez-De la Fuente, Ricardo Gomez-Flores, Omar Heredia-Rodríguez, Laura E. Rodríguez-Flores, Michaela Beltcheva, Ma. Esperanza Castañeda-Garza | ||
F | Genotoxicidad de los campos magnéticos de frecuencia extremadamente baja determinada mediante el ensayo de micronúcleos | 50 Hz - 0.2 mT | 24h/7-28d | 2012-(225) | Encarnación Olmos Ortíz |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | A 50 Hz magnetic field influences the viability of breast cancer cells 96 h after exposure | 50 Hz - 0.1-1 mT | 4-24h/1d | 2022-(13) | Maria Elexpuru Zabaleta, Rafaella Lazzarini, Maria Fiorella Tartaglione, Francesco Piva, Veronica Ciarapica, Elena Marinelli Busilacchi, Antonella Poloni, Matteo Valentino, Lory Santarelli, Massimo Bracci | ||
A | Residential extremely low frequency magnetic fields and skin cancer | - | - | 2021-(1) | Muhammad Waseem Khan, Jukka Juutilainen, Jonne Naarala, Päivi Roivainen | ||
F | Health Hazards from High Power Electrical Lines Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Exposure in Riyadh Area Saudi Arabia | - | - | 2018-(5) | Mahmoud Hassan El-Bidawy, Abdurrahman I. Altheyab, Mounir Zeerban, Waheed Mahmoud Alharizi | ||
A | Case-control study on occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields and glioma risk | - | - | 2017-(1) | Michael Carlberg, Tarmo Koppel, Mikko Ahonen, Lennart Hardell | ||
F | Exposure of Extremely-Low Frequency (ELF) Magnetic Field May Cause Human Cancer | 50 Hz - 0.5-1 mT | 20-40min /7d | 2017-(8) | Daryoush Shahbazi-Gahrouei, Shahnaz Razavi, Fereshteh Koosha, Marzieh Salimi | ||
F | Geographical Distribution of Childhood Acute Leukaemia in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, Mexico and Its Correlation with the Wireless and High Voltage Network | - | 2015-(5) | Leonardo Soto Sumuano, Carlos Ruiz Chavez, Alberto Tlacuilo-Parra, Roberto Garibaldi Covarrubias, Hugo Romo Rubio, Mijail Suarez Arredondo, Jesus Arriaga Dávila |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | The Short-Term Effect of Occupational Levels of 50 Hz Electromagnetic Field on Human Heart Rate Variability | 50 Hz - 0.028 mT | - | 2020-(1) | Erdal Binboğa, Serdar Tok, Mustafa Munzuroğlu | ||
A | 50 Hz magnetic field affects heart rate variability – an experimental study | 50 Hz - 0.004 mT | - | 2018-(1) | Tarmo Koppel, Inese Vilcane, Mikko Ahonen | ||
F | The effects of exposure to electromagnetic field on rat myocardium | 50 Hz - 3 mT | 4h/60d | 2013-(8) | Amac Kiray, Hamid Tayefi, Muge Kiray, Husnu Alper Bagriyanik, Cetin Pekcetin, Bekir Ugur Ergur, Candan Ozogul |
(F) Full or (A) Abstract | Available Formats | Title | Frequency and Intensity | Exposure time and number of Exposure days | Commentary | Publication Year (and Number of Pages) | Author(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | Effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on bacterial membrane | 50 Hz - 1 mT | 2h/1d | 2015-(9) | Sule Oncul, Esra M. Cuce, Burak Aksu, Ayse Inhan Garip | ||
A | A Study of the Interaction between ELF-EMF and Bacteria | 50 Hz - 3 mT | - | 2012-(1) | Shaobin Gu, Guowei Lu, Ying Wu, Shichang Li, Yunxia Zhao, Kewei Li | ||
F | Evaluations of the Effects of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Growth and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 50 Hz - 2 mT | -/1d | 2012-(8) | B. Segatore, D. Setacci, F. Bennato, R. Cardigno, G. Amicosante, R. Iorio |
Comparative table of different magnetic intensities from natural sources and artificial sources (with 60 Hz AC electricity usage) at different distances (approx.)
Element of generation | 0.15 m | 0.6 m | 30 m | 60 m | 100 m |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geomagnetic field | 0.03 mT - 0.06 mT (depending geolocation) | ||||
Schumann Resonance | 0.000000001 mT | ||||
Electric Line (115 kV) | 0.003 mT | 0.00065 mT | 0.00017 mT | 0.00004 mT | 0.00002 mT |
Electric Line (230 kV) | 0.0057 mT | 0.00195 mT | 0.00071 mT | 0.00018 mT | 0.00008 mT |
Electric Line (500 kV) | 0.00867 mT | 0.00294 mT | 0.00126 mT | 0.00032 mT | 0.00014 mT |
Electric Shaver | 0.01 mT | - | - | - | - |
Vaccum Cleaner | 0.03 mT | 0.001 mT | - | - | - |
Electric Oven | 0.0009 mT | - | - | - | - |
Dish Washer | 0.002 mT | 0.0004 mT | - | - | - |
Microwave Oven | 0.02 mT | 0.001 mT | - | - | - |
Hair Dryer | 0.03 mT | - | - | - | - |
Computers | 0.0014 mT | 0.0002 mT | - | - | - |
Fluorescent Lights | 0.004 mT | 0.0002 mT | - | - | - |
Copy Machines | 0.009 mT | 0.0007 mT | - | - | - |
The artificial sources magnetic fields are measured only for the 60 Hz frequency, other fields may be generated (for example microwaves from computers).
Table data for artificial sources adapted from: ISSN 2348-117X. Volume 3, Issue 2. April 2014. Living bodies exposed to natural and artificial extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. Girish Kulkarni & W. Z. Gandhare.
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