Effects of Patterned Electromagnetic Fields and Light-Emitting Diodes on Cancer Cells: Impact on Cell Density and Biophoton Emission When Applied Individually vs. Simultaneously

" It has been previously reported that time-varying EMFs and LEDs have the potential to modulate cellular activity and cell viability. It has also been shown that cellular activity and state can be inferred by measuring the biophoton emission derived from these same cells. To identify if the brief application (15 min) of an LED (635 nm at 3 klx) or EMF (1–3 uT) could influence cell growth and subsequent biophoton emission characteristics, B16-BL6 cells were grown to confluence and exposed to a time-varying, frequency-modulated EMF, LED, or both. ... The results demonstrated that after only 15 min of exposure to a time-varying EMF, there was a 41.6% reduction in viable cells when compared to sham controls. This effect approached significance in the LED alone condition but was completely absent in the condition wherein the LED and EMF were applied simultaneously. Additionally, following exposure to only the LED, there was a significant increase in biophoton emission SPD values at 13 Hz from whole cell cultures. This biophoton emission frequency was also strongly correlated with the number of nonviable cells in the dish." {Credits 1}

" Biophotons emitted from biological systems can be used as a prediction tool for cell density and overall state [20,21]. When measuring photon emission from biological systems, two notable variables are photon intensity and photon periodicity. Alternatively, diagnoses can be delineated from the frequency of photon production; this is the quality of information that the light is producing, which the observer can detect through spectral analysis [22]. B16-BL6 melanoma cells have been shown to emit photons of different wavelengths over a period of time outside of the incubator [23]. Over a 24 h period, varying wavelength filters were applied to B16-BL6 cells to demonstrate the shifts in emission frequencies from melanoma cells in a stressed environment. Increases in infrared (950 nm), ultraviolet (370 nm), and wavelengths within the visible spectrum (400 nm–800 nm) were all detected at specific time intervals with B16-BL6 cells left outside of the incubator. Additionally, specific activators and inhibitors corresponding to specific wavelengths were introduced to cells. This resulted in an increase or decrease in photon emissions at the respective wavelength corresponding to the activator introduced. These results display energy shifts within the electromagnetic spectrum over time in a changed environment. Moreover, the results display a relationship between electromagnetic activity and molecular structures. Additionally, we have also observed that there is a conspicuous relationship between electromagnetic energy and photon emission [24,25,26,27]. The results reported by Persinger and colleagues (2015) demonstrate that local magnetic field measurements and biophoton emission measurements are inversely related. Hence, there must be reciprocal or demonstrable biophoton emission changes in cell cultures exposed to EMF or LED stimulation." {Credits 1}

" A novel finding of this study is that the effects of cell viability were apparent after only a few hours and only 15 min of LED or EMF exposure." {Credits 1}

" This reduction in nonviable cells is of interest, as this was the main measure associated with biophoton emission. As the number of nonviable cells increased, the number of biophotons emitted at the 13 Hz frequency decreased (Figure 5). What was most interesting is that when the Thomas LED was presented alone, there was an immediate increase in the 13 Hz frequency band. This was the same condition (Thomas LED alone) that produced a significant decrease in nonviable cells. A core feature of the Thomas pattern is that it is frequency-modulated between 25 Hz and 6 Hz. So, the increase in the 13 Hz frequency following the application of the Thomas LED is fitting, given the characteristics associated with the applied Thomas pattern. It is intriguing that this frequency predicts the number of nonviable cells in the dish but is also re-emitted as a biophoton following the application of the LED." {Credits 1}

{Credits 1} 🎪 Ravindran, R.; Branigan, K.S.; Lefebvre, L.M.; Dotta, B.T. Effects of Patterned Electromagnetic Fields and Light-Emitting Diodes on Cancer Cells: Impact on Cell Density and Biophoton Emission When Applied Individually vs. Simultaneously. Appl. Biosci. 2023, 2, 542-549. https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci2040034. © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.